How is soil formed?

(N/A) The formation of soil takes place through the process of weathering,which involves the following steps:
$1$. Physical weathering: Rocks near the Earth's surface are broken down by the sun's heat,which causes expansion and contraction,leading to cracks and fragmentation.
$2$. Chemical and physical action of water: Water enters the cracks in rocks,freezes,and expands,breaking the rocks apart. Fast-flowing water also causes erosion and mechanical breakdown of rocks.
$3$. Wind action: Strong winds cause erosion and abrasion,breaking down rocks into smaller particles over millions of years.
$4$. Biological weathering: Living organisms like lichens and mosses grow on rock surfaces. They release chemicals that break down the rock and physically penetrate the surface,turning it into a fine powder,which forms a thin layer of soil.